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Simple English definitions for legal terms
adjudication
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A quick definition of adjudication:
Adjudication is when a judge makes a decision about a problem or argument between people. The judge looks at what happened and decides who is right and who is wrong. This can only happen when there is a real problem that needs to be solved, not just a made-up one. Once the judge makes a decision, it can't be argued about again. This is called "former adjudication." There are two types of former adjudication: "collateral estoppel" and "res judicata."
A more thorough explanation:
Adjudication is a legal process that involves resolving a dispute or making a decision in a case. It happens when a claim is brought to court and the judge analyzes the rights and wrongs of the actions of the parties involved.
In order for a case to be decided, it must be "ripe for adjudication," which means that the facts of the case have matured enough to warrant judicial intervention. The U.S. Constitution only allows courts to decide actual cases and controversies, not hypothetical questions or possibilities.
Adjudication also refers to the judicial decision itself. The doctrine of former adjudication determines the effects of a judgment. A final judgment in a prior action can bar re-litigation of the issues relevant to that determination. There are two types of former adjudication: collateral estoppel and res judicata.
Example 1: A landlord and tenant are in a dispute over unpaid rent. The landlord brings a claim to court, and the judge analyzes the lease agreement and the actions of both parties. The judge makes a decision on how much rent the tenant owes and orders them to pay it. This is an example of adjudication.
Example 2: A person is injured in a car accident and sues the other driver for damages. The case goes to trial, and the judge makes a decision on who was at fault and how much the injured person should be compensated. This is another example of adjudication.
These examples illustrate how adjudication involves resolving a dispute or making a decision in a case based on the facts and legal principles involved.